Clinical Pathology & Diseases Index

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder characterized by the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax during swallowing and the absence of...

Achondroplasia is the most common form of disproportionate short-stature skeletal dysplasia. It is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired endochondral ossification, leading to shortened proximal...

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition involving the pilosebaceous unit. It is characterized by the formation of comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts,...

Acromegaly is a rare, slowly progressive systemic disorder caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) after the...

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common, pre-malignant cutaneous lesion resulting from cumulative, chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. These lesions are considered markers of high cumulative...

Acute cholangitis is a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection of the biliary tree. It typically occurs as a result of a combination of biliary tract obstruction...

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), occurring over hours to days. This leads...

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid progenitor cells (lymphoblasts) in the bone marrow. These malignant...

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a malignancy of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up...

Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is an inflammatory process of the middle ear space, usually characterized by the presence of middle ear effusion and rapid onset...

Acute pancreatitis is a sudden-onset, potentially life-threatening inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. It is characterized by severe abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzyme levels, ranging...

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life-threatening inflammatory lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs, leading to increased...

Addison's disease is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder characterized by the inadequate production of steroid hormones—primarily cortisol and aldosterone—by the adrenal cortex. It results from...

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like glands and stroma within the myometrium (the muscular layer of the uterus). This...

Adjustment disorder is a psychiatric condition characterized by the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor occurring within three months...

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a life-threatening endocrine disorder characterized by the inadequate production or action of adrenal cortex hormones, primarily cortisol. It is classified into...

Adult-Onset Still's Disease (AOSD) is a rare, systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by the classic triad of daily spiking high fevers, an evanescent salmon-pink rash, and...

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, chronic eye disease that causes central vision loss by damaging the macula, the small area of the retina...

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational,...

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus *Aspergillus fumigatus* that primarily affects individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis. It is...

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is a symptomatic disorder of the nasal mucosa induced by an IgE-mediated inflammatory reaction after allergen exposure. It is characterized by nasal...

Alopecia Areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss. It typically manifests as sudden, well-circumscribed patches of hair loss on...

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD) is an inherited autosomal co-dominant genetic disorder characterized by low circulating levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a protease inhibitor. While primarily...

Alport syndrome (AS) is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss, ocular abnormalities, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is...

Altitude sickness refers to a spectrum of non-traumatic medical conditions that occur due to the reduced partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes (hypobaric hypoxia)....

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia, characterized by a gradual decline in memory, thinking, behavior, and...

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of spatial vision characterized by reduced best-corrected visual acuity in one or both eyes, occurring despite the absence of organic...

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. It is classified as primary (absence of menses by age 15 in the presence of secondary sexual characteristics, or...

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, specifically motor neurons. It leads...

An anal fissure is a small, linear tear or ulcer in the specialized, highly sensitive non-keratinized squamous epithelium (anoderm) of the distal anal canal, located...