Diseases

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune endocrine disorder and the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis), diffuse…

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in…

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic clinical syndrome characterized by excess production and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, T4, and/or triiodothyronine, T3) by the thyroid gland. This…

Hypothyroidism is a systemic metabolic state resulting from insufficient thyroid hormone (thyroxine, T4; triiodothyronine, T3) synthesis, secretion, or tissue action. It leads to a generalized…

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from a progressive insulin secretory defect on a background of…

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic, autoimmune endocrine disorder characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency….

Spina bifida is a congenital neural tube defect (NTD) characterized by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube, typically affecting the lumbosacral spine. It…

Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by a constellation of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that persist for weeks, months, or occasionally…

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening medical emergency characterized by an uninhibited, exaggerated sympathetic nervous system response to noxious or non-noxious stimuli below the…

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of permanent, non-progressive neurodevelopmental disorders of movement and posture. It is caused by an injury or abnormal development…